nhachi

  <Istanbul: Memories and the City> Orhan Pamuk   1.        Background Information   (source: Whereig.com)   Glorious past : once the capital of Ÿ   Roman Period (196-330) Ÿ   Byzantine Empire (330-1453) Ÿ   Ottoman Period (1453-1922)   自 19 世纪中叶起，帝国因连连战败而日渐衰弱，老城涌入大量移民，甚至于最宏伟的皇家建筑都开始现出贫穷和败落的痕迹。 From the middle of the nineteenth century, as a string of military defeats was eroding the empire, the Old City was swamped by immigrants, and even the grandest imperial buildings began to show marks of poverty and ruin.   Ÿ   Modern Period (1923-present): after the  Turkish War of Independence,  Ankara  replaced the city as the capital of the newly formed Republic of Turkey à Westernization   Ÿ   The author was born in 1950s; the book was first published in 2003 in Turkish.   2.        General introduction of t...